Wednesday, November 8, 2017

Examining Politically Motivated Crimes Before and After the 2016 US Presidential Election

  
                A year has passed since the presidential election and the aftermath.  Since then the hate crimes have continued and the tension has heightened between people of opposing political stances.  Jewish gravestones were cracked and overturned.  Four losers tormented a teenager with special needs for supporting Trump.  Then Nazis marched in Charlottesville, Virginia – and a woman was killed, just because she wanted peace and equality.  Donald Trump responded, by addressing the violence of “many, many sides.”  In my study, I decided to look at two sides, both left and right wing extremists.

                Looking back at election week, the bigots came out of their closets after Donald Trump’s dark horse win.  A hate crime wave flooded the nation, and left wing protestors rioted in Oakland and Portland, sometimes even blocking highway traffic. 

While liberal rioters looked like sore losers, Trump supporters were being sore winners.  They celebrated by committing crimes.  A sore winner is that brat who rubs your face in the dirt because you lost a stupid baseball game that will be irrelevant ten years later.  Unlike a silly game, this presidential election will matter in the next decade, hence the mix of tears and grins.

Conservatives called liberals “crybabies” and that their reaction was a “temper tantrum,” however it’s important to know what they were crying about.  Leftists feared hate crime, nuclear war (or more war in general), rape culture, losing civil rights, the national debt tripling, being shamed by foreign nations, America going bankrupt like Trump’s companies, kids feeling unsafe at school, LGBT discrimination at work, carbon emissions increasing – resulting in higher average temperature per year.  Since last November, some of these fears have turned into headlines.  Hate crime was the first.

Journalists rushed to get stories, verified or not.  I respect that they work in an industry that competes on the speed of information to deliver breaking news before other news agencies.  As a researcher, I take my time.  I compiled data from incidents, and eliminated the hoaxes and cases deemed questionable.  The right wing has called many incidents hoaxes or that crimes were perpetrated by Anti-Trump people, but the Southern Poverty Law Center received 701 reports of hate crimes post-election.  It’s doubtful that every single report was faked.



Methodology

Since the Southern Poverty Law Center did a wonderful job in displaying post-election hate crime statistics, I decided to focus my study solely on politically motivated crimes occurring post-election and during Trump’s campaign.  The incidents are dated as early as August 2015 and curtail toward the end of November 2016.

                My approach to this project was qualitative.  I compiled incidents from a variety of new sources with different political leanings.  The details I focused on were types of crimes, the dates of the incidents, and the states and environments where they transpired.  After compiling and quantifying that data, specific offenses with higher rates were subcategorized.  Calculations were assembled into tables and illustrated in charts for analysis.

                Before finalizing the data for analysis, any incidents proven to be falsified had to be deleted.  A shameful proportion of stories were fabricated, so fact checking was a crucial step in processing data prior to generating results.  I used Media/Bias Fact Check.com and Snopes to screen sources and incidents.  

My standards for selecting incidents for the databases were as follows:
1.       The incident had to be proven false or questioned by a credible source in order to be excluded.
2.       The perpetrator had to be identifiable as Pro-Trump or Anti-Trump.

Pro-Trump aggressors were identified either through paraphernalia, their commentary, or parroting Trump’s rhetoric, whether interpreted correctly or not.  The only exceptions were Neo-Nazis and the Klan, since their websites endorsed Trump.

                For Anti-Trump violence, I tried my best to find as many incidents as I could.  This was originally going to just be a study on post-election hostility, but I found some pre-election violence against Trump supporters that I could not ignore.

                While eliminating some of the hate crimes from the Pro-Trump databases due to lack of Trump-affiliation, I cringed, but it was necessary to maintain integrity to my data collection standards.  For unproven cases, I gave the benefit of the doubt.  Crimes go unreported every day, so there is a chance that someone’s bad experience still happened.



Hoaxes and Scrutiny

                Whoever falsifies a police report or simply posts a fake experience on social media ought to be ashamed of themselves!  Lying about a crime discredits the real victims, and then it’s harder for those people to come forward.  Even if the police believes them, the social media will troll them as being fakers.
                Crimes go unreported every day, just as some of the cases in this study were unreported to the authorities.  The victims of abusive Trump supporters may feel reluctant to file a police report for a number of reasons.  It may seem pointless if the perpetrator won’t be caught.  They might expect to be disbelieved or blamed.  Reporting can be a hassle, and pressing charges means that moving on will take longer.  If the aggressor is caught, there is the fear of retaliation.  It may be easier to vent on Facebook, get quick sympathy from friends, and then move on.

                While one person truthfully vents on social media, another person can use it as an outlet for deception.  Anything that is word of mouth can be a lie.  It’s easier to tweet falsehood for thousands to see than it is to look a police officer in the eye and falsify a report.  However, hoaxes have been revealed.  Here are a few.

                Hoax 1:  University of Louisiana at Lafayette.  An 18-year-old Muslim student filed report with the police the day after the election, saying that two white men got out of a car and struck her with a metal object.  Then they proceeded to rob her of her wallet and hijab.  They said “ugly stuff” to her, and one was wearing a Trump hat.  Later the student admitted to fabricating the story.

                Hoax 2:  Gas station in Smyrna, Delaware.  On November 9, 2016, an African American woman posted about a terrible experience on Facebook.  She said that four white males were gloating about the election results and that they “won’t have to deal with n*****s anymore.”  She was one car over, pumping gas and being quiet.  One man approached her, saying, “How scared are you, you black bitch?  I should just kill you right now.  You’re a waste of air.”  She ignored him.  Then he said, “What, are you deaf or something, n*****?”  Another man from the group displayed a gun, saying, “You’re lucky there’s [sic] witnesses or else I’d shoot you right here.”  The woman allegedly cried at this point.  She claimed to have called the police afterward.  Then she made a second post, claiming that the fictional perpetrators were caught and charges were filed.  There was no record of a police report, the apprehension, or the charges pressed.  She deleted the second comment. 

                Hoax 3:  University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus.  Also on the same date, an Asian woman wrote a very long post about how she heroically defended herself from a xenophobe.  The story goes that a white man was telling her to “go back to Asia,” and that she was enrolled only because of affirmative action.  She tried ignoring him twice.  He kept following her, and eventually grabbed her wrist; wouldn’t let go.  She warned him that she knew how to fight.  He tried to punch her several times, missing.  She used self-defense to free her wrist, and then throat-punched him.  The harasser’s friends comforted him and called the police.  She was detained, but eventually let go with a warning.  Since she claimed she was arrested, a police report was necessary.  There was no record of her being arrested or an incident of her specific description.

                Hoax 4:  Racist graffiti in Philadelphia, PA.  This is more of a trick than a hoax.  In the early hours of November 9th, someone had spray painted racist and pro-Trump graffiti on people’s cars, homes, and storefronts on the 900 block of South Sixth Avenue.  “Black Bitch” and “Trump Rules” were tagged on a black woman’s car.  Anyone who read about it would assume it was a hate crime perpetrated by a bigoted, white Trump supporter.  Surveillance cameras proved otherwise.  In early December, a 58-year-old African American man from Camden, NJ was arrested for committing the acts of vandalism.  It is possible that he wanted to mislead his victims into thinking that hate criminals perpetrated it all.  It is still unknown if he was the one who wrote “Sieg Heil 2016” on a storefront in Philadelphia, which may have been a separate act.

                Note that it’s easier to marker up a bathroom wall or even vandalize someone else’s car than it is to do damage to your own car or property.  Commenters have claimed that people used washable paint on their own cars.  Even if there was no damage, it would still be a waste of time – at least for rational people.  Some offenses were simpler but still valid, such as the makeshift wall made of shoes and hangers.  It was verified by The New York Times that Isabel Manu intended it as a joke on her college roommate, Maria Sanchez.  Upon learning the viral reaction, Manu became upset, tore up her note, and threw the items.  Calling it a joke was an admission that she did it and it wasn't a hoax.

                Not all scrutinized incidents were provably false or misleading.  Some are questionable and some are still questioned despite proof.


                Questioned 1:  Gay bashing in Santa Monica, CA.  A bloodied face emblazoned the headline about a gay film maker, Chris Ball, who was bludgeoned shortly after Trump’s victory.  Ball, was at a bar watching the election results.  As Trump’s victory looked more imminent, Trump supporters yelled, “We got a new president, you fucking faggots!”  Ball left the bar alone, and a group of four males jumped him in alley way.  They battered him, and bludgeoned him with a glass bottle.  He fell backward, hitting his head on the concrete.  When recovered consciousness, “he wiped blood from his eyes” and called his friends who took him straight to the hospital.
                People claimed Ball used his cinematic talents to do injury makeup, though one picture shows him in the hospital.  So did he use his powers as producer to attain permission within a few hours to rent a hospital room – and not for a movie scene but for just one picture?
                There were more reasonable claims from the Santa Monica Police Department that there was no police report or hospital report.  Later Chris Ball showed his West Hills Hospital discharge form to Metro.  He also showed the staples in his head, between tufts of his hair.  He may not have called the police, but the bloodshed feels more tactile with the evidence.
                Skeptics downplayed the motives of the attackers and Snopes said it could have been “a garden variety bar fight.”  I didn’t know bar fights and gardening had anything in common!  Yet even Ball himself said that it was possibly not politically motivated, just homophobia.  Due to its scrutiny at the time, I had excluded this incident from the database.  Now it was likely true.


                Questioned 2:  Neighborhood Town Watch – different locations.  A Muslim woman allegedly received a letter headed with a Trump MAGA banner.  The sender claimed to be the “Neighborhood Town Watch,” and addressed her as “Dear Terrorist-Bitch,” and then told her to remove her headscarf with the threat of consequences.  The sender also said her other option was to return to the “God Forsaken land you come from.”
                This photographed letter went viral, and according to Snopes it had four possible origins:  Massachusetts, Michigan, Delaware, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.  The source claiming Harrisburg as the starting point was a man on Facebook, Salic Khan.  Khan said the woman took the letter to her mosque and she wanted to remain anonymous.  This would explain why she wouldn’t file complaint with the police.  However, this post could still be true or false and does not provide substantial evidence.  How easy is it to type up a fake letter or get the banner from Google images?  A perpetrator could have done the same, too. 

                Then I found one questionable incident that was Anti-Trump oriented.

                Anti-Trump Questionable:  Two Pro-Trump men discriminated against?  Two Trump supporters were kicked out of a bar in San Francisco, CA.  One man wore a MAGA shirt.  It was initially reported that they were beaten and forced out of the bar, specifically targeting them for their political stance with being Pro-Trump.  The bartender even called them, “bigots.”  However, the real reason the bouncer made them leave was that one man made a derogatory comment at the bartender lady.  The bouncer, who was also a Trump supporter, did not punch either of them.  He only blocked the cellphone twice from taping him and ushered them out; part of his job responsibilities.  The bouncer followed them outside the bar until they were no longer on the property.  The two were intimidated by this, but they had a short talk with the bouncer.  They said the bartender was a “literally a bigot,” and that “she was absolutely obnoxious.”  The angry exchange of comments between the Trump supporters and the bartender was not specified.  The reason for ejection could have been either an off-color remark or the T-shirt, depending on what happened first.  Though later, off camera, even the police told the Trump supporters to leave.

                The Anti-Trump incident was initially exaggerated but it was hardly questioned, whereas Pro-Trump hate crimes were mocked as hoaxes before given any fair scrutiny.  It’s difficult to believe that over 700 complaints to the SPLC were falsified when there is mounting evidence of bigotry in America.  Those Tiki-torch bearing Neo-Nazis in Charlottesville were not actors.



The Results of the Study

                There were a total of 115 cases in this study.  The tables are color coded by political stance, and PT and AT are abbreviations for Pro-Trump and Anti-Trump.  Four databases are at the bottom, representing both extremes’ crimes before and after the election.  From those data collections, the following statistics were produced.  At the end, the references supporting the data are divided into Pro-Trump and Anti-Trump sections for convenience.


Chart 1



Table 1







                The numbers from Table 1 show that most of the incidents occurred post-election, and that the majority of post-election crimes, plus criminality overall were perpetrated by Pro-Trump individuals.  However, Anti-Trump perpetrators were responsible for the majority of pre-election crimes.  Conservative sources claimed that the mainstream media was not covering instances where Trump supporters were victimized.  I had to try harder to research those cases and include as many as I could for the sake of objectivity.  The post-election incidents were more abundant than pre-election ones.  Thirty-nine of the violations occurred on November 9, when Donald Trump was declared the winner.  This is roughly 34% of all incidents in this study, inclusive to both Pro-Trump and Anti-Trump data.

Chart 1 displays a combination of all incidents before and after the election for both groups, which adds more perspective than just showing who committed the majority of offenses before/after the election.  Between both groups, 29% of incidents happened during the Trump campaign, and 71% were post-election.  Pro-Trump offenders committed 66% of the crimes, and 34% were committed by Anti-Trump. 


Chart 2



Table 2.1  
           







Table 2.2

 





Determining the political stance per state was based on the map of the election outcome, as shown from the BBC.  (Map shown at the end.Half the nation was impacted by the 2016 presidential election results.  The states where politically influenced crimes occurred are as follows:
Red states:  Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Michigan Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio,
       Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah.
Blue states:  California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota,
        New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Washington.

Despite Trump winning the electoral college, the number of states involved was nearly half and half for each political affiliation.  By looking at Table 2.1, some findings were predictable – most of the Pro-Trump perpetrators struck in red states, and most Anti-Trump criminals covered the blue states.  Then there were exceptions, and it is possible that the pressures to conform to the politics of their immediate environments created tension that only made the release of opposing views more volatile.
Table 2.1 covers the states involved, and Table 2.2 focuses on the crime levels by state political stance.  The illegal activities by Pro-Trump in blue states still outnumber the Anti-Trump members.  In fact, Pro-Trump towers over Anti-Trump in all three columns.  Still, conservatives are less safe in blue states.  Chart 2 reflects the numbers from Table 2.2. 



Chart 3.1




Chart 3.2




Table 3.1





















Table 3.2















Chart 3.1 and Chart 3.2 correspond to Tables 3.1 and 3.2 respectively.  The numbers reflect both pre-election and post-election data for each group.  Some location categories coincide, hence there are more location types than accounted reports. 
The most common places for Pro-Trump incidents were largely academic environments.  Only 5% of Pro-Trump abuse occurred online.  Anti-Trump crimes mostly occurred at Trump rallies and in the general public.  A Trump supporter was more likely to be attacked at a Trump rally than they were at an Anti-Trump protest.
Also important to note is that general public in this chart is defined as an outdoor place.  Some public places were indoors or owned by businesses and fell under the “Other” category.  The Other sector for Anti-Trump consisted of a fundraiser, garage sale, and a miscellaneous protest.  The Other sector for Pro-Trump included places such as the baseball dugout, DMV line, line for a free veteran’s meal, a neighborhood, a restaurant, a small business, and a wall.



Chart 4.1



Chart 4.2



Table 4.1             



















Table 4.2





















               Similar to the last section, Charts 4.1 and 4.2 reflect Tables 4.1 and 4.2 respectively, and all recorded occurrences from before and after the election are included.  Some encounters involved more than one crime.  Pro-Trump incidents involved 89 accounts of crime, and Anti-Trump had 56 crimes, so it’s important to check the tables when comparing the percentages.  The crimes listed are based on basic legal definitions without going into state level detail.
                Pro-Trump aggressors were notorious for targeting religious and racial minorities, LGBT people, and women.  Anti-Trump criminals attacked mostly Trump supporters and police officers.
                Under Pro-Trump incidents, 76% of the offenses consisted of verbal harassment, vandalism, assault, and bullying.  All forms of harassment including road rage made up 46% of the offenses dealt by Pro-Trump people.  For Anti-Trump offenders, 51% of their crimes were assault, rioting, and aggravated assault.  Only 5% was harassment. 
                Anti-Trump people committed more violent crimes than their right wing counterparts.  Pro-Trump people were more verbally abusive and they did have 10 cases of assault, but Anti-Trump crimes involved more physical abuse, more descriptive injuries, child abuse, and even throwing feces!  This inference will be detailed in the upcoming sections.
Both groups had cases of car theft and arson.  Anti-Trump arsonists bombed a local government building, and Pro-Trump criminals committed a church burning, specifically a church attended by African Americans.  Despite being on the side of the Christian Right, most Pro-Trump vandalism was on places of worship, followed by a tie for cars and school bathrooms.  Anti-Trump people also vandalized cars, but were more likely to deface a monument.


                The next two sections focus on the crime committed at the highest rate for each group.  The most common crime committed by Pro-Trump was harassment, and for Anti-Trump it was assault.  The subsequent charts and tables delve into more detail.


Chart 5




Table 5.1               
Table 5.2









                Telling by Chart 4.1, harassment is generalized as verbal abuse, and in Table 5.1 the majority of harassment cases was verbal.  Going into further detail on those 27 instances, most were split between hearing one comment or being subjected to a persistent, derogatory rant.  Chart 5 relates to the numbers from Table 5.2.  There were 10 situations where someone spewed a comment and 11 were prolonged rants.  Three verbal abuses also involved assault.  In two scenarios the aggressor would follow and verbally abuse their victim.  Most if not all incidents of harassment were bigoted in nature.
                Referring back to Table 5.1, written notes were a far second leading form of harassment, and they were anonymous with few exceptions.  Most written harassment accounts were notes left on cars.  Cyberharassment is very common especially on Twitter, but only four cases were bad enough to be reported through the media, three of which were long-term online harassment.  One Twitter user spent 19 hours tweeting anti-Semitic comments to another user.
                As for Anti-Trump harassers, there were five cases and they were all verbal, mostly multiple comments.



Chart 6




Table 6.1              










Table 6.2















                In the above chart and tables, some of the crimes are indicated by the level of injury disclosed from the resource.  If a victim endured bodily damage that would reasonably require medical attention, the incident fell under aggravated assault.  An assault that resulted in minor injuries was battery.  In viewing the statistics, keep in mind that some incidents had more than one crime or object thrown, and sometimes more than one injury resulted.  
Table 6.2 corresponds to Chart 6.

                Hitting was the most frequent form of assault, followed by throwing objects at people.  The most common item thrown was eggs.  Other projectiles included water balloons, rocks, beverage containers, other foods, and excrement.  All of these examples happened during pre-election at Trump rallies.  This does not include the riots post-election, in which explosives were hurled.  The riots were excluded since individual victims’ affected health could not be assessed.

                The rest of the assault types in Table 6.2 were singular, but they were severe.  Choking and ripping earrings were on the list.  A man was choked on the subway for wearing a MAGA cap.  Instead of hats, Pro-Trump assailants would pull off Muslim women’s hijabs – but gratefully no choking, not in my data at least.  The worst Pro-Trump assaults were punching and shoving.  A Trump supporter punched a liberal woman in the face simply for complaining about the election results.  The worst cases for Pro-Trump perpetrators were a medium level of violence compared to Anti-Trump brutality.  The ripped earrings were only one part of an assault against a high school student, Jade Armenio.  The violent episode was over a misunderstood comment on Instagram.  Before attacking her, her assailant asked the crowd if she was racist, her peers chorused “yes” multiple times.

                The most common injuries resulting from Anti-Trump attacks were abrasions, cuts, bruises, scratches, and blood loss.  Two cases resulted in broken bones.  In other incidents, one man had a tooth knocked out, and one woman was blinded by a sharp projectile.

                One striking inference was that Anti-Trump assailants were more likely to outnumber their victims.  In contrast, Pro-Trump harassers sometimes would yell at more than one person at a time, such as a family.



Chart 7


 
                To give more insight on crime levels between the two extreme groups, the offense types are categorized for side by side comparison.  The types of illegal activity for each column are listed below.

Violent crimes:  Assault, aggravated assault, and battery. 
Harassment:  All forms of harassment, bullying, abusive teachers, road rage, and threats.
Crimes involving property: Vandalism, arson, property damage, riots, car damage, and bombings. 
Theft:  Theft, auto theft, hat burning.
Other:  Denial of service, food throwing, fecal matter throwing, traffic blocking, child abuse.

                Pro-Trump criminals committed more harassment and crimes to property.  Anti-Trump offenders committed more violent crime and thefts.  The most frequent crime was harassment overall, under that topic Pro-Trump towers over Anti-Trump’s bar in violent crime. 


                Final inferences:  There was more harassment from the right wing and more violent crime from the left wing.  More Anti-Trump violence occurred before the election, and more Pro-Trump violence happened thereafter. 

The post-election crime wave from Pro-Trump people may have been a reaction to the pre-election abuse from Anti-Trump people.  Maybe this is why they were sore winners.  Strangely, the Pro-Trumps were targeting minorities, LGBT people, and women rather than Anti-Trump types who bothered them in the first place.  Anti-Trump aggressors tried to use violence to suppress bigotry, but it may have led to Pro-Trump people releasing pent up hatred or becoming more prejudiced.  The Left was already fueled by moral outrage, but adding more fuel wasn’t the answer either, which could have easily contributed to their violent reactions.  Whichever side acted first made no difference, because the conflicts did not yield the intended outcome, a changed mind.

The Trump supporters clung to their beliefs like the man clutching his coat against the wind in Aesop’s tale.  They idolized Donald Trump more, who in turn told them to respond with violence.  It’s hard to tell who had more influence, the masses of Anti-Trump haters or a powerful and vocal presidential candidate, yet both played a role.

                If love trumps hate, then use love.


©2017 Caroline Friehs

Originally posted on:  November 8, 2017


Below are the databases.  Click to enlarge or download for a better view. 
After that is the reference section, which is divided into subsections for Pro-Trump, Anti-Trump, Both, and Hoax and Scrutiny resources. 












References


Pro- Trump perpetrated crimes

ABC News (2016 Mar 13).  Trump Rally Violence Becomes Trend.  [Video].  Retrieved from:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRZhWQ71qdU

Ahmed, I (2016 Nov 9).  Day 1 in Trump’s America.  [Twitter blog entry].  Retrieved from:  https://twitter.com/i/moments/796417517157830656

Ansari, A & Nottingham, S (2016 Nov 16).  Chili’s apologizes after manager takes vet’s meal.  CNN.  Retrieved from:  http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/15/us/veteran-meal-restaurant-trnd/index.html

Anti-Defamation League (2016 Oct 19).  ADL Report: Anti-Semitic Targeting Of Journalists During The 2016 Presidential Campaign.  [PDF file].  Retrieved from:  https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/press-center/CR_4862_Journalism-Task-Force_v2.pdf

AP (2017 May 4).  Organist At Brown County Church Arrested For Vandalizing St. David’s Episcopal Church.  WBIW.  Retrieved from:  http://www.wbiw.com/local/archive/2017/05/organist-at-brown-county-church-arrested-for-vandalizing-st-davids-episcopal-church.php

Bhattacharjee, R (2016 Nov 11).  ‘Trump Might Deport You’:  Racist Rant Against Woman Speaking Assyrian on BART Caught on Cam.  NBC Bay Area.  Retrieved from:  http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Trump-Might-Deport-You-Rant-Against-Woman-Speaking-Assyrian-on-BART-Caught-on-Cam-400888871.html

Byers, D (2016 Oct 19).  Journalists face rise in anti-Semitic tweets, fueled by Trump supporters, ADL says.  CNN – Money.  Retrieved from:  http://money.cnn.com/2016/10/19/media/adl-report-anti-semitic-tweets/

Carissimo, J (2016 Nov 15).  Male Donald Trump supporter punches woman in the face in Brooklyn.  The Independent.  Retrieved from:  http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/male-donald-trump-supporter-punches-woman-in-the-face-in-brooklyn-a7417921.html

Davies, C (2016 Nov 10).  Shasta High School student hands out ‘deportation letters.’  KRCR News – ABC Channel 7.  Retrieved from:  http://www.krcrtv.com/news/local/shasta/shasta-high-student-hands-out-deportation-letters/151138619

Dickson, J. D. & Williams, C (2016 Nov 10).  Royal Oak Middle School students chant ‘Build that wall.”  Detroit News.  Retrieved from:  http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/oakland-county/2016/11/10/royal-oak-students-chant-build-wall-cafeteria/93581592/

Eversley, M (2016 Nov 12).  Post-election spate of hate crimes worse than post-9/11, experts say.  USA Today.  Retrieved from:  http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/11/12/post-election-spate-hate-crimes-worse-than-post-911-experts-say/93681294/

Ferrigno, L (2015 Aug 21).  Donald Trump:  Boston beating is ‘terrible.’  CNN.  Retrieved from:  http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/20/politics/donald-trump-immigration-boston-beating/

Glaun, D (2016 Nov 10).  Racist, anti-Semitic and pro-Donald Trump graffiti found on Mount Tom.  Mass Live.  Retrieved from:  http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/11/racist_anti-semetic_and_pro-do.html

Green, E (2016 Oct 19).  The Tide of Hate Directed Against Jewish Journalists.  The Atlantic.  Retrieved from:  https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/10/what-its-like-to-be-a-jewish-journalist-in-the-age-of-trump/504635/

Griffiths, B (2016 Nov 2).  Mississippi black church burned and defaced with pro-Trump message.  Politico.  Retrieved from:  http://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/black-church-burned-trump-slogan-230651

Hansler, J (2016 Nov 15).  Over 400 Reports of Hateful Harassment and Intimidation Post-Election, SPLC Says.  ABC News.  Retrieved from:  http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/200-reports-hateful-harassment-intimidation-post-election-splc/story?id=43491050

Hatch, J (2016 Nov 9).  It’s Not ‘Melodramatic’ To Fear For Our Safety After This Election.  Huffington Post.  Retrieved from:  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/its-not-melodramatic-to-fear-for-our-safety-after-this-election_us_5823831ce4b0d9ce6fc08f1c?ncid=fcbklnkushpmg00000046

Keiper, A (2016 Nov 12).  Muslim woman and her family assaulted in Columbus traffic.  News 5 Cleveland.  Retrieved from:  http://www.news5cleveland.com/news/state/muslim-woman-and-her-family-assaulted-in-columbus-traffic

King, S (2016 Nov 12).  Screenshot of Marie Boyle’s Facebook post.  [Facebook].  Retrieved from:  https://www.facebook.com/shaunking/photos/a.799605230078397.1073741828.799539910084929/1197144473657802/?type=3&theater

O’Connor, L. & Marans, D (2016 Oct 10).  Here Are 13 Examples Of Donald Trump Being Racist.  Huffington Post.  Retrieved from:  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-racist-examples_us_56d47177e4b03260bf777e83

O’Kane, S (2016 Nov 9).  Day 1 in Trump’s America.  [Blog entry].  Retrieved from:  https://medium.com/@seanokane/day-1-in-trumps-america-9e4d58381001#.x86vn6fkd

Mahler, J (2016 Oct 19).  Anti-Semitic Posts, Many From Trump Supporters, Surge on Twitter.  The New York Times.  Retrieved from:  https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/19/us/politics/anti-semitism-trump-supporters-twitter.html?_r=0

McCartney, J. A (2016 Nov 22).  Someone who has 45 mutual Facebook friends with me posted this to the local neighborhood bulletin boards. He found it on his car in Lake City WA which is at the northern edge of Seattle.  […]  [Facebook post].  Retrieved from:  https://www.facebook.com/penaetis/posts/10211185557457732

Miaa, A (2016 Nov 9).  Sent by someone who witnessed it. Specifically said "white power". It's real guys.  […]  [Facebook post].  Retrieved from:  https://www.facebook.com/Baby.Doll.93015/videos/1463433313668607/?pnref=story

Moore, B (2016 Nov 10).  An Open Letter to the Young Men and Women of Council Rock High School North.  [Blog entry].  Retrieved from:  https://medium.com/@bradmakesnoise/an-open-letter-to-the-young-men-and-women-of-council-rock-high-school-north-775205426e13#.vs31qze8v

Moyer, J., Starrs, J., & Larimer, S (2016 Mar 11).  Trump supporter charged after sucker-punching protester at North Carolina rally.  The Washington Post.  Retrieved from:  https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/03/10/trump-protester-sucker-punched-at-north-carolina-rally-videos-show/?utm_term=.f02902499569

NBC News (2016 Nov 14).  Teacher Suspended Over Trump Comments.  [Video].  Retrieved from:  http://www.nbcnews.com/video/teacher-suspended-over-trump-comments-808536643699

Nussbaum Cohen, D (2016 Nov 13).  ‘You Deserve to be Gassed’:  Hate Crimes Skyrocket After Trump’s Win.  Haaretz.  Retrieved from:  http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/u-s-election-2016/1.752849?v=2E89CC295FAB4B8EAF2B4306DC5B8984

Phillips, K (2016 Nov 12).  A Muslim teacher receives an anonymous note about her headscarf: ‘Hang yourself with it.’  The Washington Post.  Retrieved from:  https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/11/12/a-muslim-teacher-receives-an-anonymous-note-about-her-headscarf-hang-yourself-with-it/?utm_term=.5bc5568da9df

Reilly, K (2016 Nov 13).  Racist Incidents Are Up Since Donald Trump’s Election.  These Are Just a Few of Them.  TIME.  Retrieved from:  http://time.com/4569129/racist-anti-semitic-incidents-donald-trump/

San Diego State University Police Department (2016 Nov 9).  Community Safety Alert – Strong Arm Robbery.  [Posting].  Retrieved from:  https://newscenter.sdsu.edu/dps/images/community_safety_alert_110916.pdf

Schmitt, M (2016 Nov 24).  Picture captures person accosting woman wearing hijab at Smith’s.  KRQE News – 13.  Retrieved from:  http://krqe.com/2016/11/24/picture-captures-person-accosting-woman-wearing-hijab-at-smiths/

Solon, R (2016 Nov 10).  And so it continues.  This posted by a priest colleague […].  [Facebook post].  Retrieved from:  https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10154544108866832&set=a.115852706831.96598.697081831&type=3&theater

SPLC (2016 Nov 18).  Update:  Incidents of Hateful Harassment Since Election Day Now Number 701.  Southern Poverty Law Center.  Retrieved from:  https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/11/18/update-incidents-hateful-harassment-election-day-now-number-701

Stewart, M (2016 Nov 16).  Black Ladue students protest racist incidents, assault charges filed over black student burned by glue gun at high school.  The Saint Louis American.  Retrieved from:  http://www.stlamerican.com/news/local_news/ladue-police-investigating-claim-white-student-burned-black-student-at/article_e1e8c658-ac45-11e6-9eec-8b10a9322d88.html

Swanson, K (2016 Nov 11).  Muslim student claims classmate tried to pull her hijab off.  KOAT 7 Action News.  Retrieved from:  http://www.koat.com/article/muslim-students-claims-classmate-tried-to-pull-her-hijab-off/8276696

Terlep, A (2016 Nov 17).  So for those of you who are saying it's not that bad…  […]  [Facebook post].  Retrieved from:  https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10157807526975525&set=a.10151024274010525.774221.532610524&type=3&theater

The Young Turks (2016 Nov 21).  Trump Supporter Threatens Uber Driver.  [Video].  Received from:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFxX-F1wF9E

Wootson, C. R (2016 Nov 3).  Black church torched in Mississippi, with ‘Vote Trump’ painted on wall.  The Washington Post.  Retrieved from:  https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/11/02/vote-trump-painted-on-wall-of-burned-out-black-church-in-mississippi/



Anti-Trump perpetrated crimes

ABC News (2016 Nov 16).  Man Wearing Donald Trump Hat Choked, Pinned On Subway Trump.  ABC 7 – Eye Witness News.  Retrieved from:  http://abc7chicago.com/politics/man-wearing-donald-trump-hat-choked-pinned-on-subway-train/1610000/

ABC News (2016 Nov 18).  4 Arrested In West Side Beating Of Trump Supporter.  ABC 7 – Chicago.  Retrieved from:  http://abc7chicago.com/news/4-arrested-in-west-side-beating-of-trump-supporter/1615201/

Adams, S (2016 Sept 29).  Tweet me if you were threatened or assaulted for being a Trump supporter.  #Clinton.  [Tweet and Twitter comments].  Retrieved from:  https://twitter.com/scottadamssays/status/781585796243435520?lang=en

BBC News (2016 Nov 11).  Trump commends protesters’ ‘passion’ after new night of rallies.  BBC News.  Retrieved from:  http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37953712

BBC News (2016 Nov 11).  Trump presidency:  Protests turn violent in Portland, Oregon.  BBC News – US and Canada.  Retrieved from:  http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37946231

CBS (2016 Nov 10).  30 Arrested, 3 Officers Injured In Oakland Anti-Trump Protest.  CBS – SF Bay Area.  Retrieved from:  http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2016/11/10/oakland-anti-donald-trump-protest-vandalism-arrest-officers-injured/

DelReal, J. A (2016 Apr 29).  Trump critics clash with police at California rally.  Washington Post.  Retrieved from:  https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/04/29/protests-outside-trump-rally-turn-violent/?tid=a_inl

Epstein, K. & Mettler, K (2016 May 25).  Anti-Trump protesters at Trump rally throw rocks, bottles at Albuquerque police.  Washington Post.  Retrieved from:  https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/05/25/protesters-at-trump-rally-throw-rocks-bottles-at-albuquerque-police/?tid=a_inl

Heuristic (2016 Nov 10).  Video of Trump supporter being beaten, Chicago.  [Video:  33 seconds].  Courtesy of user:  Chrissy Gillespie Smith.  Retrieved from:  https://www.facebook.com/kismet7697/posts/10153842746001216?pnref=story.unseen-section

KGW-TV (2016 Nov 10).  Driver’s windshield smashed during protest.  KGW-Portland.  Retrieved from:  http://www.kgw.com/news/local/driver-s-windshield-smashed-during-protest/350934129

KTVU (2016 Nov 11).  Photojournalist believes anarchists attacked him during Oakland protests.  FOX 2 – KTVU.  Retrieved from:  http://www.ktvu.com/news/217007883-story

Marzullo, K (2016 Nov 10).  Parents Say Peninsula Teen Attacked At School For Support Of Donald Trump.  ABC 7 News.  Retrieved from:  http://abc7news.com/news/peninsula-teen-attacked-at-school-for-support-of-trump/1599714/

McBride, J (2016 Sept 29).  Watch:  El Cajon Protesters Beat & Chase Trump Supporter.  Heavy.  Retrieved from:  http://heavy.com/news/2016/09/el-cajon-protesters-donald-trump-supporter-beaten-beat-attacked-chased-video-bottles-colin-kaepernick-you-tube-periscope/

Peterson, A (2016).  A Student Was Allegedly Assaulted For Wearing A Trump Hat.  Will The ‘Safe Space’ Crowd Say Nothing?  Independent Journal Review.  Retrieved from:  http://ijr.com/opinion/2016/09/260546-student-allegedly-assaulted-wearing-trump-hat-will-safe-space-crowd-say-nothing/

Sullivan, S. & Miller, M. E (2016 Jun 3).  Ugly, bloody scenes in San Jose as protesters attack Trump supporters outside rally.  Washington Post.  Retrieved from:  https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/06/03/ugly-bloody-scenes-in-san-jose-as-protesters-attack-trump-supporters-outside-rally/

Vadum, M (2016 Oct 26).  Anti-Trump Violence Sweeps the Nation.  Lifezette.  Retrieved from:  https://www.lifezette.com/polizette/anti-trump-violence-sweeps-the-nation/

Veklerov, K (2016 Nov 10).  Photojournalist attacked while covering Trump protest in Oakland.  SF Gate.  Retrieved from:  http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Photojournalist-attacked-while-covering-Trump-10606690.php

Veklerov, K., Bodley, M., Lyons, J. & Alexander, K (2016 Nov 10).  Anti-Trump protests in Oakland turn violent.  SF Gate.  Retrieved from:  http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Anti-Trump-protests-in-Oakland-turn-violent-10605621.php

YouTube (2016 Nov 12).  Anti-Trump Protests – Clinton Supporters Attack Donald Trump Fan After Losing the Election.  [Video :  2:20].  Courtesy of user:  Red Pill.  Retrieved from:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PljpEKubH5U



References Reporting Crimes by Both Groups

BBC News (2016 Nov 11).  US Election 2016:  Are hate crimes spiking after Trump’s victory?  BBC – Trending.  Retrieved from:  http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-37945386


Wendling, M (2016 Nov 11).  US Election 2016:  Are hate crimes spiking after Trump’s victory?  BBC Trending.  Retrieved from:  http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-37945386

Yan, H., Sgueglia, K., & Walker, K (2016 Dec 22).  ‘Make America White Again’:  Hate speech and crimes post-election.  CNN.  Retrieved from:  http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/10/us/post-election-hate-crimes-and-fears-trnd/

[Note:  The above article has been updated with incidents since the time I ended data collection.]



Hoax and Scrutiny References

Barros, J. R. (2016 Oct 4).  Trump Supporters Kicked Out of Zeitgeist Bar for Lewd Comments.  Mission Local.  Retrieved from:  http://missionlocal.org/2016/10/trump-supporters-kicked-out-of-zeitgeist-bar-for-lewd-comments/

Chatha, A (2016 Nov 9).  Calgary man shows medical record as proof of election night assault.  Metro.  Retrieved from:  http://www.metronews.ca/news/calgary/2016/11/09/calgarian-in-santa-monica-assaulted-on-us-election-night.html

Dickerson, C (2016 Nov 23).  Postelection Harassment, Case by Case.  The New York Times.  Retrieved from:  https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/us/post-trump-how-people-explain-bias-based-attacks.html?mcubz=1

Evon, D (2016 Nov 21).  Neighborhood Town Watch.  Snopes.  Retrieved from:  http://www.snopes.com/neighborhood-town-watch-threatens-muslim-neighbors/

Garcia, A (2016 Nov 22).  Islamophobia on Aisle Five.  Snopes.  Retrieved from:  http://www.snopes.com/muslim-woman-told-to-hang-herself-with-hijab-at-walmart/

Garcia, F (2016 Nov 10).  Woman fabricated story of being attacked and robbed of hijab at Louisiana college by man wearing Donald Trump hat.  Independent.  Retrieved from:  http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/muslim-woman-robbed-hijab-donald-trump-maga-hat-president-supporter-louisana-a7410301.html

Hawkins, D. & Barbash, F (2016 Nov 10).  Louisiana student ‘fabricated’ story of hijab attack, police say.  The Washington Post.  Retrieved from:  https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/10/women-in-hijabs-on-2-campuses-say-they-were-attacked-by-men-invoking-donald-trump/?utm_term=.0b201c43d1eb

Hickey, B (2016 Nov 10).  Police:  No official report of ugly racial incident at Delaware gas station.  PhillyVoice.  Retrieved from:  http://www.phillyvoice.com/police-no-official-report-ugly-racial-incident-del-gas-station/

Khan, S (2016 Nov 20).  A "Neighborhood Town Watch" sent this letter out to a hijabi Muslim woman in Harrisburg, PA.  […]  [Facebook post].  Retrieved from:  https://www.facebook.com/salic.khan/posts/10112165789202804

LaCapria, K (2016 Nov 11).  Electoral Brawl-itics.  Snopes.  Retrieved from:  http://www.snopes.com/trump-supporters-beat-gay-man-in-california/

Nolan Brown, E (2016 Nov 11).  There Is No Violence Hate-Crimewave In ‘Trump’s America.’  Reason.  Retrieved from:  http://reason.com/blog/2016/11/11/election-night-hijab-attack-false

Shaw, J (2016 Dec 1).  S. Jersey man arrested in ‘Pro-Trump,’ racist post-election vandalism in South Philly.  Philly.com.  Retrieved from:  http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/real-time/S-Jersey-man-arrested-in-post-election-vandalism-in-South-Philly.html

 

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