A year
has passed since the presidential election and the aftermath. Since then the hate crimes have continued and
the tension has heightened between people of opposing political stances. Jewish gravestones were cracked and
overturned. Four losers tormented a
teenager with special needs for supporting Trump. Then Nazis marched in Charlottesville,
Virginia – and a woman was killed, just because she wanted peace and
equality. Donald Trump responded, by
addressing the violence of “many, many sides.”
In my study, I decided to look at two sides, both left and right wing
extremists.
Looking
back at election week, the bigots came out of their closets after Donald Trump’s
dark horse win. A hate crime wave
flooded the nation, and left wing protestors rioted in Oakland and Portland,
sometimes even blocking highway traffic.
While liberal rioters looked like
sore losers, Trump supporters were being sore winners. They celebrated by committing crimes. A sore winner is that brat who rubs your face
in the dirt because you lost a stupid baseball game that will be irrelevant ten
years later. Unlike a silly game, this
presidential election will matter in the next decade, hence the mix of tears
and grins.
Conservatives called liberals
“crybabies” and that their reaction was a “temper tantrum,” however it’s
important to know what they were crying about.
Leftists feared hate crime, nuclear war (or more war in general), rape
culture, losing civil rights, the national debt tripling, being shamed by
foreign nations, America going bankrupt like Trump’s companies, kids feeling
unsafe at school, LGBT discrimination at work, carbon emissions increasing –
resulting in higher average temperature per year. Since last November, some of these fears have
turned into headlines. Hate crime was
the first.
Journalists rushed to get stories,
verified or not. I respect that they
work in an industry that competes on the speed of information to deliver
breaking news before other news agencies.
As a researcher, I take my time.
I compiled data from incidents, and eliminated the hoaxes and cases
deemed questionable. The right wing has
called many incidents hoaxes or that crimes were perpetrated by Anti-Trump
people, but the Southern Poverty Law Center received 701 reports of hate crimes
post-election. It’s doubtful that every
single report was faked.
Methodology
Since the Southern Poverty Law
Center did a wonderful job in displaying post-election hate crime statistics, I
decided to focus my study solely on politically motivated crimes occurring
post-election and during Trump’s campaign.
The incidents are dated as early as August 2015 and curtail toward the
end of November 2016.
My
approach to this project was qualitative.
I compiled incidents from a variety of new sources with different
political leanings. The details I
focused on were types of crimes, the dates of the incidents, and the states and
environments where they transpired. After
compiling and quantifying that data, specific offenses with higher rates were
subcategorized. Calculations were
assembled into tables and illustrated in charts for analysis.
Before
finalizing the data for analysis, any incidents proven to be falsified had to
be deleted. A shameful proportion of
stories were fabricated, so fact checking was a crucial step in processing data
prior to generating results. I used
Media/Bias Fact Check.com and Snopes to screen sources and incidents.
My standards for selecting
incidents for the databases were as follows:
1.
The incident had to be proven false or
questioned by a credible source in order to be excluded.
2.
The perpetrator had to be identifiable as
Pro-Trump or Anti-Trump.
Pro-Trump aggressors were
identified either through paraphernalia, their commentary, or parroting Trump’s
rhetoric, whether interpreted correctly or not.
The only exceptions were Neo-Nazis and the Klan, since their websites
endorsed Trump.
For
Anti-Trump violence, I tried my best to find as many incidents as I could. This was originally going to just be a study
on post-election hostility, but I found some pre-election violence against
Trump supporters that I could not ignore.
While
eliminating some of the hate crimes from the Pro-Trump databases due to lack of
Trump-affiliation, I cringed, but it was necessary to maintain integrity to my
data collection standards. For unproven
cases, I gave the benefit of the doubt.
Crimes go unreported every day, so there is a chance that someone’s bad
experience still happened.
Hoaxes and Scrutiny
Whoever
falsifies a police report or simply posts a fake experience on social media
ought to be ashamed of themselves! Lying
about a crime discredits the real victims, and then it’s harder for those people
to come forward. Even if the police
believes them, the social media will troll them as being fakers.
Crimes
go unreported every day, just as some of the cases in this study were
unreported to the authorities. The
victims of abusive Trump supporters may feel reluctant to file a police report
for a number of reasons. It may seem
pointless if the perpetrator won’t be caught.
They might expect to be disbelieved or blamed. Reporting can be a hassle, and pressing
charges means that moving on will take longer.
If the aggressor is caught, there is the fear of retaliation. It may be easier to vent on Facebook, get
quick sympathy from friends, and then move on.
While
one person truthfully vents on social media, another person can use it as an
outlet for deception. Anything that is
word of mouth can be a lie. It’s easier
to tweet falsehood for thousands to see than it is to look a police officer in
the eye and falsify a report. However,
hoaxes have been revealed. Here are a
few.
Hoax
1: University of Louisiana at Lafayette. An 18-year-old Muslim student filed report
with the police the day after the election, saying that two white men got out
of a car and struck her with a metal object.
Then they proceeded to rob her of her wallet and hijab. They said “ugly stuff” to her, and one was
wearing a Trump hat. Later the student
admitted to fabricating the story.
Hoax
2: Gas station in Smyrna, Delaware. On November 9, 2016, an African American
woman posted about a terrible experience on Facebook. She said that four white males were gloating
about the election results and that they “won’t have to deal with n*****s
anymore.” She was one car over, pumping
gas and being quiet. One man approached
her, saying, “How scared are you, you black bitch? I should just kill you right now. You’re a waste of air.” She ignored him. Then he said, “What, are you deaf or
something, n*****?” Another man from the
group displayed a gun, saying, “You’re lucky there’s [sic] witnesses or else
I’d shoot you right here.” The woman
allegedly cried at this point. She
claimed to have called the police afterward.
Then she made a second post, claiming that the fictional perpetrators
were caught and charges were filed.
There was no record of a police report, the apprehension, or the charges
pressed. She deleted the second
comment.
Hoax 3: University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus. Also on the same date, an Asian woman wrote a
very long post about how she heroically defended herself from a xenophobe. The story goes that a white man was telling
her to “go back to Asia,” and that she was enrolled only because of affirmative
action. She tried ignoring him
twice. He kept following her, and eventually
grabbed her wrist; wouldn’t let go. She
warned him that she knew how to fight.
He tried to punch her several times, missing. She used self-defense to free her wrist, and
then throat-punched him. The harasser’s
friends comforted him and called the police.
She was detained, but eventually let go with a warning. Since she claimed she was arrested, a police
report was necessary. There was no
record of her being arrested or an incident of her specific description.
Hoax
4: Racist graffiti in Philadelphia, PA. This is more of a trick than a hoax. In the early hours of November 9th, someone
had spray painted racist and pro-Trump graffiti on people’s cars, homes, and
storefronts on the 900 block of South Sixth Avenue. “Black Bitch” and “Trump Rules” were tagged
on a black woman’s car. Anyone who read
about it would assume it was a hate crime perpetrated by a bigoted, white Trump
supporter. Surveillance cameras proved
otherwise. In early December, a
58-year-old African American man from Camden, NJ was arrested for committing
the acts of vandalism. It is possible
that he wanted to mislead his victims into thinking that hate criminals
perpetrated it all. It is still unknown
if he was the one who wrote “Sieg Heil 2016” on a storefront in Philadelphia,
which may have been a separate act.
Note
that it’s easier to marker up a bathroom wall or even vandalize someone else’s
car than it is to do damage to your own car or property. Commenters have claimed that people used
washable paint on their own cars. Even
if there was no damage, it would still be a waste of time – at least for
rational people. Some offenses were
simpler but still valid, such as the makeshift wall made of shoes and
hangers. It was verified by The New York
Times that Isabel Manu intended it as a joke on her college roommate, Maria
Sanchez. Upon learning the viral
reaction, Manu became upset, tore up her note, and threw the items. Calling it a joke was an admission that she did it and it wasn't a hoax.
Not all
scrutinized incidents were provably false or misleading. Some are questionable and some are still questioned
despite proof.
Questioned
1: Gay bashing in Santa Monica, CA. A bloodied face emblazoned the headline about
a gay film maker, Chris Ball, who was bludgeoned shortly after Trump’s
victory. Ball, was at a bar watching the
election results. As Trump’s victory
looked more imminent, Trump supporters yelled, “We got a new president, you
fucking faggots!” Ball left the bar
alone, and a group of four males jumped him in alley way. They battered him, and bludgeoned him with a
glass bottle. He fell backward, hitting
his head on the concrete. When recovered
consciousness, “he wiped blood from his eyes” and called his friends who took
him straight to the hospital.
People
claimed Ball used his cinematic talents to do injury makeup, though one picture
shows him in the hospital. So did he use
his powers as producer to attain permission within a few hours to rent a
hospital room – and not for a movie scene but for just one picture?
There
were more reasonable claims from the Santa Monica Police Department that there
was no police report or hospital report.
Later Chris Ball showed his West Hills Hospital discharge form to
Metro. He also showed the staples in his
head, between tufts of his hair. He may
not have called the police, but the bloodshed feels more tactile with the
evidence.
Skeptics
downplayed the motives of the attackers and Snopes said it could have been “a
garden variety bar fight.” I didn’t know
bar fights and gardening had anything in common! Yet even Ball himself said that it was possibly
not politically motivated, just homophobia.
Due to its scrutiny at the time, I had excluded this incident from the
database. Now it was likely true.
Questioned
2: Neighborhood Town Watch – different
locations. A Muslim woman allegedly
received a letter headed with a Trump MAGA banner. The sender claimed to be the “Neighborhood
Town Watch,” and addressed her as “Dear Terrorist-Bitch,” and then told her to
remove her headscarf with the threat of consequences. The sender also said her other option was to
return to the “God Forsaken land you come from.”
This
photographed letter went viral, and according to Snopes it had four possible
origins: Massachusetts, Michigan,
Delaware, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
The source claiming Harrisburg as the starting point was a man on
Facebook, Salic Khan. Khan said the
woman took the letter to her mosque and she wanted to remain anonymous. This would explain why she wouldn’t file
complaint with the police. However, this
post could still be true or false and does not provide substantial
evidence. How easy is it to type up a
fake letter or get the banner from Google images? A perpetrator could have done the same, too.
Then I
found one questionable incident that was Anti-Trump oriented.
Anti-Trump
Questionable: Two Pro-Trump men
discriminated against? Two Trump
supporters were kicked out of a bar in San Francisco, CA. One man wore a MAGA shirt. It was initially reported that they were beaten
and forced out of the bar, specifically targeting them for their political
stance with being Pro-Trump. The
bartender even called them, “bigots.”
However, the real reason the bouncer made them leave was that one man
made a derogatory comment at the bartender lady. The bouncer, who was also a Trump supporter,
did not punch either of them. He only
blocked the cellphone twice from taping him and ushered them out; part of his
job responsibilities. The bouncer
followed them outside the bar until they were no longer on the property. The two were intimidated by this, but they
had a short talk with the bouncer. They
said the bartender was a “literally a bigot,” and that “she was absolutely
obnoxious.” The angry exchange of
comments between the Trump supporters and the bartender was not specified. The reason for ejection could have been
either an off-color remark or the T-shirt, depending on what happened
first. Though later, off camera, even
the police told the Trump supporters to leave.
The
Anti-Trump incident was initially exaggerated but it was hardly questioned,
whereas Pro-Trump hate crimes were mocked as hoaxes before given any fair
scrutiny. It’s difficult to believe that
over 700 complaints to the SPLC were falsified when there is mounting evidence
of bigotry in America. Those Tiki-torch
bearing Neo-Nazis in Charlottesville were not actors.
The Results of the Study
There
were a total of 115 cases in this study.
The tables are color coded by political stance, and PT and AT are
abbreviations for Pro-Trump and Anti-Trump.
Four databases are at the bottom, representing both extremes’ crimes
before and after the election. From
those data collections, the following statistics were produced. At the end, the references supporting the
data are divided into Pro-Trump and Anti-Trump sections for convenience.
Chart 1
Table 1
The
numbers from Table 1 show that most of the incidents occurred post-election,
and that the majority of post-election crimes, plus criminality overall were
perpetrated by Pro-Trump individuals.
However, Anti-Trump perpetrators were responsible for the majority of
pre-election crimes. Conservative
sources claimed that the mainstream media was not covering instances where
Trump supporters were victimized. I had
to try harder to research those cases and include as many as I could for the
sake of objectivity. The post-election incidents
were more abundant than pre-election ones.
Thirty-nine of the violations occurred on November 9, when Donald Trump
was declared the winner. This is roughly
34% of all incidents in this study, inclusive to both Pro-Trump and Anti-Trump
data.
Chart 1 displays a combination of
all incidents before and after the election for both groups, which adds more
perspective than just showing who committed the majority of offenses
before/after the election. Between both
groups, 29% of incidents happened during the Trump campaign, and 71% were post-election. Pro-Trump offenders committed 66% of the
crimes, and 34% were committed by Anti-Trump.
Chart 2
Table 2.1
Table
2.2
Determining the political stance
per state was based on the map of the election outcome, as shown from the
BBC. (Map shown at the end.) Half the nation was impacted by the 2016
presidential election results. The
states where politically influenced crimes occurred are as follows:
Red states: Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana,
Michigan Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee,
Texas, Utah.
Blue states: California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine,
Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota,
New Jersey, New Mexico, New York,
Oregon, Washington.
Despite Trump winning the electoral
college, the number of states involved was nearly half and half for each
political affiliation. By looking at
Table 2.1, some findings were predictable – most of the Pro-Trump perpetrators
struck in red states, and most Anti-Trump criminals covered the blue states. Then there were exceptions, and it is
possible that the pressures to conform to the politics of their immediate
environments created tension that only made the release of opposing views more
volatile.
Table 2.1 covers the states
involved, and Table 2.2 focuses on the crime levels by state political stance. The illegal activities by Pro-Trump in blue
states still outnumber the Anti-Trump members.
In fact, Pro-Trump towers over Anti-Trump in all three columns. Still, conservatives are less safe in blue
states. Chart 2 reflects the numbers
from Table 2.2.
Chart 3.1
Chart 3.2
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Chart 3.1 and Chart 3.2 correspond
to Tables 3.1 and 3.2 respectively. The
numbers reflect both pre-election and post-election data for each group. Some location categories coincide, hence there
are more location types than accounted reports.
The most common places for
Pro-Trump incidents were largely academic environments. Only 5% of Pro-Trump abuse occurred
online. Anti-Trump crimes mostly
occurred at Trump rallies and in the general public. A Trump supporter was more likely to be
attacked at a Trump rally than they were at an Anti-Trump protest.
Also important to note is that
general public in this chart is defined as an outdoor place. Some public places were indoors or owned by
businesses and fell under the “Other” category.
The Other sector for Anti-Trump consisted of a fundraiser, garage sale,
and a miscellaneous protest. The Other
sector for Pro-Trump included places such as the baseball dugout, DMV line,
line for a free veteran’s meal, a neighborhood, a restaurant, a small business,
and a wall.
Chart 4.1
Chart 4.2
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Similar
to the last section, Charts 4.1 and 4.2 reflect Tables 4.1 and 4.2
respectively, and all recorded occurrences from before and after the election
are included. Some encounters involved
more than one crime. Pro-Trump incidents
involved 89 accounts of crime, and Anti-Trump had 56 crimes, so it’s important
to check the tables when comparing the percentages. The crimes listed are based on basic legal
definitions without going into state level detail.
Pro-Trump
aggressors were notorious for targeting religious and racial minorities, LGBT
people, and women. Anti-Trump criminals
attacked mostly Trump supporters and police officers.
Under
Pro-Trump incidents, 76% of the offenses consisted of verbal harassment,
vandalism, assault, and bullying. All
forms of harassment including road rage made up 46% of the offenses dealt by
Pro-Trump people. For Anti-Trump
offenders, 51% of their crimes were assault, rioting, and aggravated
assault. Only 5% was harassment.
Anti-Trump
people committed more violent crimes than their right wing counterparts. Pro-Trump people were more verbally abusive
and they did have 10 cases of assault, but Anti-Trump crimes involved more
physical abuse, more descriptive injuries, child abuse, and even throwing
feces! This inference will be detailed
in the upcoming sections.
Both groups had cases of car theft
and arson. Anti-Trump arsonists bombed a
local government building, and Pro-Trump criminals committed a church burning,
specifically a church attended by African Americans. Despite being on the side of the Christian
Right, most Pro-Trump vandalism was on places of worship, followed by a tie for
cars and school bathrooms. Anti-Trump
people also vandalized cars, but were more likely to deface a monument.
The
next two sections focus on the crime committed at the highest rate for each
group. The most common crime committed
by Pro-Trump was harassment, and for Anti-Trump it was assault. The subsequent charts and tables delve into
more detail.
Chart 5
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Telling
by Chart 4.1, harassment is generalized as verbal abuse, and in Table 5.1 the
majority of harassment cases was verbal.
Going into further detail on those 27 instances, most were split between
hearing one comment or being subjected to a persistent, derogatory rant. Chart 5 relates to the numbers from Table 5.2. There were 10 situations where someone spewed
a comment and 11 were prolonged rants.
Three verbal abuses also involved assault. In two scenarios the aggressor would follow
and verbally abuse their victim. Most if
not all incidents of harassment were bigoted in nature.
Referring
back to Table 5.1, written notes were a far second leading form of harassment,
and they were anonymous with few exceptions.
Most written harassment accounts were notes left on cars. Cyberharassment is very common especially on
Twitter, but only four cases were bad enough to be reported through the media,
three of which were long-term online harassment. One Twitter user spent 19 hours tweeting
anti-Semitic comments to another user.
As for
Anti-Trump harassers, there were five cases and they were all verbal, mostly
multiple comments.
Chart 6
Table 6.1
Table
6.2
In the
above chart and tables, some of the crimes are indicated by the level of injury
disclosed from the resource. If a victim
endured bodily damage that would reasonably require medical attention, the
incident fell under aggravated assault.
An assault that resulted in minor injuries was battery. In viewing the statistics, keep in mind that
some incidents had more than one crime or object thrown, and sometimes more
than one injury resulted.
Table 6.2
corresponds to Chart 6.
Hitting
was the most frequent form of assault, followed by throwing objects at
people. The most common item thrown was
eggs. Other projectiles included water
balloons, rocks, beverage containers, other foods, and excrement. All of these examples happened during
pre-election at Trump rallies. This does
not include the riots post-election, in which explosives were hurled. The riots were excluded since individual
victims’ affected health could not be assessed.
The
rest of the assault types in Table 6.2 were singular, but they were
severe. Choking and ripping earrings
were on the list. A man was choked on
the subway for wearing a MAGA cap.
Instead of hats, Pro-Trump assailants would pull off Muslim women’s
hijabs – but gratefully no choking, not in my data at least. The worst Pro-Trump assaults were punching
and shoving. A Trump supporter punched a
liberal woman in the face simply for complaining about the election
results. The worst cases for Pro-Trump
perpetrators were a medium level of violence compared to Anti-Trump
brutality. The ripped earrings were only
one part of an assault against a high school student, Jade Armenio. The violent episode was over a misunderstood
comment on Instagram. Before attacking
her, her assailant asked the crowd if she was racist, her peers chorused “yes”
multiple times.
The
most common injuries resulting from Anti-Trump attacks were abrasions, cuts,
bruises, scratches, and blood loss. Two
cases resulted in broken bones. In other
incidents, one man had a tooth knocked out, and one woman was blinded by a
sharp projectile.
One
striking inference was that Anti-Trump assailants were more likely to outnumber
their victims. In contrast, Pro-Trump
harassers sometimes would yell at more than one person at a time, such as a
family.
Chart 7
To give
more insight on crime levels between the two extreme groups, the offense types
are categorized for side by side comparison.
The types of illegal activity for each column are listed below.
Violent crimes: Assault, aggravated assault, and
battery.
Harassment: All forms of harassment, bullying, abusive
teachers, road rage, and threats.
Crimes involving property:
Vandalism, arson, property damage, riots, car damage, and bombings.
Theft: Theft, auto theft, hat burning.
Other: Denial of service, food throwing, fecal
matter throwing, traffic blocking, child abuse.
Pro-Trump
criminals committed more harassment and crimes to property. Anti-Trump offenders committed more violent
crime and thefts. The most frequent
crime was harassment overall, under that topic Pro-Trump towers over
Anti-Trump’s bar in violent crime.
Final
inferences: There was more
harassment from the right wing and more violent crime from the left wing. More Anti-Trump violence occurred before the
election, and more Pro-Trump violence happened thereafter.
The post-election crime wave from
Pro-Trump people may have been a reaction to the pre-election abuse from
Anti-Trump people. Maybe this is why
they were sore winners. Strangely, the
Pro-Trumps were targeting minorities, LGBT people, and women rather than
Anti-Trump types who bothered them in the first place. Anti-Trump aggressors tried to use violence
to suppress bigotry, but it may have led to Pro-Trump people releasing pent up
hatred or becoming more prejudiced. The
Left was already fueled by moral outrage, but adding more fuel wasn’t the
answer either, which could have easily contributed to their violent
reactions. Whichever side acted first
made no difference, because the conflicts did not yield the intended outcome, a
changed mind.
The Trump supporters clung to their
beliefs like the man clutching his coat against the wind in Aesop’s tale. They idolized Donald Trump more, who in turn
told them to respond with violence. It’s
hard to tell who had more influence, the masses of Anti-Trump haters or a
powerful and vocal presidential candidate, yet both played a role.
If love
trumps hate, then use love.
©2017 Caroline Friehs
Originally posted
on: November 8, 2017
Below are the databases.
Click to enlarge or download for a better view.
After that is the reference section, which is divided into
subsections for Pro-Trump, Anti-Trump, Both, and Hoax and Scrutiny
resources.
References
Pro- Trump perpetrated crimes
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Trump Rally Violence Becomes Trend.
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Ahmed, I (2016 Nov 9).
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AP (2017 May 4).
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Keiper, A (2016 Nov 12).
Muslim woman and her family assaulted in Columbus traffic. News 5
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King, S (2016 Nov 12).
Screenshot of Marie Boyle’s Facebook post. [Facebook].
Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/shaunking/photos/a.799605230078397.1073741828.799539910084929/1197144473657802/?type=3&theater
O’Connor, L. & Marans, D (2016 Oct 10). Here Are 13 Examples Of Donald Trump Being
Racist. Huffington Post. Retrieved
from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-racist-examples_us_56d47177e4b03260bf777e83
O’Kane, S (2016 Nov 9).
Day 1 in Trump’s America. [Blog
entry]. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/@seanokane/day-1-in-trumps-america-9e4d58381001#.x86vn6fkd
Mahler, J (2016 Oct 19).
Anti-Semitic Posts, Many From Trump Supporters, Surge on Twitter. The New
York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/19/us/politics/anti-semitism-trump-supporters-twitter.html?_r=0
McCartney, J. A (2016 Nov 22). Someone who has 45 mutual Facebook friends
with me posted this to the local neighborhood bulletin boards. He found it on
his car in Lake City WA which is at the northern edge of Seattle. […]
[Facebook post]. Retrieved
from: https://www.facebook.com/penaetis/posts/10211185557457732
Miaa, A (2016 Nov 9).
Sent by someone who witnessed it. Specifically said "white
power". It's real guys. […] [Facebook post]. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/Baby.Doll.93015/videos/1463433313668607/?pnref=story
Moore, B (2016 Nov 10).
An Open Letter to the Young Men and Women of Council Rock High School
North. [Blog entry]. Retrieved from: https://medium.com/@bradmakesnoise/an-open-letter-to-the-young-men-and-women-of-council-rock-high-school-north-775205426e13#.vs31qze8v
Moyer, J., Starrs, J., & Larimer, S (2016 Mar 11). Trump supporter charged after sucker-punching
protester at North Carolina rally. The Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/03/10/trump-protester-sucker-punched-at-north-carolina-rally-videos-show/?utm_term=.f02902499569
NBC News (2016 Nov 14).
Teacher Suspended Over Trump Comments.
[Video]. Retrieved from: http://www.nbcnews.com/video/teacher-suspended-over-trump-comments-808536643699
Nussbaum Cohen, D (2016 Nov
13). ‘You Deserve to be Gassed’: Hate Crimes Skyrocket After Trump’s Win. Haaretz. Retrieved from: http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/u-s-election-2016/1.752849?v=2E89CC295FAB4B8EAF2B4306DC5B8984
Phillips, K (2016 Nov 12).
A Muslim teacher receives an anonymous note about her headscarf: ‘Hang
yourself with it.’ The Washington Post. Retrieved
from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/11/12/a-muslim-teacher-receives-an-anonymous-note-about-her-headscarf-hang-yourself-with-it/?utm_term=.5bc5568da9df
Reilly, K (2016 Nov 13).
Racist Incidents Are Up Since Donald Trump’s Election. These Are Just a Few of Them. TIME. Retrieved from: http://time.com/4569129/racist-anti-semitic-incidents-donald-trump/
San Diego State University Police Department (2016 Nov
9). Community Safety Alert – Strong Arm
Robbery. [Posting]. Retrieved from: https://newscenter.sdsu.edu/dps/images/community_safety_alert_110916.pdf
Schmitt, M (2016 Nov 24).
Picture captures person accosting woman wearing hijab at Smith’s. KRQE
News – 13. Retrieved from: http://krqe.com/2016/11/24/picture-captures-person-accosting-woman-wearing-hijab-at-smiths/
Solon, R (2016 Nov 10).
And so it continues. This posted
by a priest colleague […]. [Facebook
post]. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10154544108866832&set=a.115852706831.96598.697081831&type=3&theater
SPLC (2016 Nov 18).
Update: Incidents of Hateful
Harassment Since Election Day Now Number 701.
Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved from: https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/11/18/update-incidents-hateful-harassment-election-day-now-number-701
Stewart, M (2016 Nov 16).
Black Ladue students protest racist incidents, assault charges filed
over black student burned by glue gun at high school. The
Saint Louis American. Retrieved
from: http://www.stlamerican.com/news/local_news/ladue-police-investigating-claim-white-student-burned-black-student-at/article_e1e8c658-ac45-11e6-9eec-8b10a9322d88.html
Swanson, K (2016 Nov 11).
Muslim student claims classmate tried to pull her hijab off. KOAT 7
Action News. Retrieved from: http://www.koat.com/article/muslim-students-claims-classmate-tried-to-pull-her-hijab-off/8276696
Terlep, A (2016 Nov 17).
So for those of you who are saying it's not that
bad… […]
[Facebook post]. Retrieved
from: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10157807526975525&set=a.10151024274010525.774221.532610524&type=3&theater
The Young Turks (2016 Nov 21). Trump Supporter Threatens Uber Driver. [Video].
Received from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFxX-F1wF9E
Explicit version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JPhzdjKRaA
Wootson, C. R (2016 Nov 3).
Black church torched in Mississippi, with ‘Vote Trump’ painted on
wall. The Washington Post. Retrieved
from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/11/02/vote-trump-painted-on-wall-of-burned-out-black-church-in-mississippi/
Anti-Trump perpetrated crimes
ABC News (2016 Nov 16).
Man Wearing Donald Trump Hat Choked, Pinned On Subway Trump. ABC 7 –
Eye Witness News. Retrieved
from: http://abc7chicago.com/politics/man-wearing-donald-trump-hat-choked-pinned-on-subway-train/1610000/
ABC News (2016 Nov 18).
4 Arrested In West Side Beating Of Trump Supporter. ABC 7 –
Chicago. Retrieved from: http://abc7chicago.com/news/4-arrested-in-west-side-beating-of-trump-supporter/1615201/
Adams, S (2016 Sept 29).
Tweet me if you were threatened or assaulted for being a Trump
supporter. #Clinton. [Tweet and Twitter comments]. Retrieved from: https://twitter.com/scottadamssays/status/781585796243435520?lang=en
BBC News (2016 Nov 11).
Trump commends protesters’ ‘passion’ after new night of rallies. BBC
News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37953712
BBC News (2016 Nov 11).
Trump presidency: Protests turn
violent in Portland, Oregon. BBC News – US and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37946231
CBS (2016 Nov 10). 30
Arrested, 3 Officers Injured In Oakland Anti-Trump Protest. CBS –
SF Bay Area. Retrieved from: http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2016/11/10/oakland-anti-donald-trump-protest-vandalism-arrest-officers-injured/
DelReal, J. A (2016 Apr 29).
Trump critics clash with police at California rally. Washington
Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/04/29/protests-outside-trump-rally-turn-violent/?tid=a_inl
Epstein, K. & Mettler, K (2016 May 25). Anti-Trump protesters at Trump rally throw
rocks, bottles at Albuquerque police. Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/05/25/protesters-at-trump-rally-throw-rocks-bottles-at-albuquerque-police/?tid=a_inl
Heuristic (2016 Nov 10). Video of Trump supporter being beaten,
Chicago. [Video: 33 seconds].
Courtesy of user: Chrissy
Gillespie Smith. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/kismet7697/posts/10153842746001216?pnref=story.unseen-section
KGW-TV (2016 Nov 10).
Driver’s windshield smashed during protest. KGW-Portland. Retrieved from: http://www.kgw.com/news/local/driver-s-windshield-smashed-during-protest/350934129
KTVU (2016 Nov 11).
Photojournalist believes anarchists attacked him during Oakland
protests. FOX 2 – KTVU. Retrieved
from: http://www.ktvu.com/news/217007883-story
Marzullo, K (2016 Nov 10).
Parents Say Peninsula Teen Attacked At School For Support Of Donald
Trump. ABC 7 News. Retrieved
from: http://abc7news.com/news/peninsula-teen-attacked-at-school-for-support-of-trump/1599714/
McBride, J (2016 Sept 29).
Watch: El Cajon Protesters Beat
& Chase Trump Supporter. Heavy.
Retrieved from: http://heavy.com/news/2016/09/el-cajon-protesters-donald-trump-supporter-beaten-beat-attacked-chased-video-bottles-colin-kaepernick-you-tube-periscope/
Peterson, A (2016). A
Student Was Allegedly Assaulted For Wearing A Trump Hat. Will The ‘Safe Space’ Crowd Say Nothing? Independent
Journal Review. Retrieved from: http://ijr.com/opinion/2016/09/260546-student-allegedly-assaulted-wearing-trump-hat-will-safe-space-crowd-say-nothing/
Sullivan, S. & Miller, M. E (2016 Jun 3). Ugly, bloody scenes in San Jose as protesters
attack Trump supporters outside rally. Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/06/03/ugly-bloody-scenes-in-san-jose-as-protesters-attack-trump-supporters-outside-rally/
Vadum, M (2016 Oct 26).
Anti-Trump Violence Sweeps the Nation.
Lifezette. Retrieved from: https://www.lifezette.com/polizette/anti-trump-violence-sweeps-the-nation/
Veklerov, K (2016 Nov 10). Photojournalist attacked while covering Trump
protest in Oakland. SF Gate. Retrieved
from: http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Photojournalist-attacked-while-covering-Trump-10606690.php
Veklerov, K., Bodley, M., Lyons, J. & Alexander, K (2016
Nov 10). Anti-Trump protests in Oakland
turn violent. SF Gate. Retrieved
from: http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Anti-Trump-protests-in-Oakland-turn-violent-10605621.php
YouTube (2016 Nov 12).
Anti-Trump Protests – Clinton Supporters Attack Donald Trump Fan After
Losing the Election. [Video : 2:20].
Courtesy of user: Red Pill. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PljpEKubH5U
References Reporting Crimes by Both Groups
BBC News (2016 Nov 11).
US Election 2016: Are hate crimes
spiking after Trump’s victory? BBC – Trending. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-37945386
McBride, J (2016 Nov 13).
Trump Election Hate Crime & Violence List: State by State Roundup. Heavy. Retrieved from: http://heavy.com/news/2016/11/trump-hate-crimes-violence-election-hoax-fake-donald-muslims-supporters-attacks-protests-riots-islam-racist-graffiti-nazi-california-new-york-louisiana-philadelphia-chicago-video-photos/
Wendling, M (2016 Nov 11).
US Election 2016: Are hate crimes
spiking after Trump’s victory? BBC Trending. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-37945386
Yan, H., Sgueglia, K., & Walker, K (2016 Dec 22). ‘Make America White Again’: Hate speech and crimes post-election. CNN. Retrieved from: http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/10/us/post-election-hate-crimes-and-fears-trnd/
[Note: The above
article has been updated with incidents since the time I ended data
collection.]
Hoax and Scrutiny References
Barros, J. R. (2016 Oct 4).
Trump Supporters Kicked Out of Zeitgeist Bar for Lewd Comments. Mission
Local. Retrieved from: http://missionlocal.org/2016/10/trump-supporters-kicked-out-of-zeitgeist-bar-for-lewd-comments/
Chatha, A (2016 Nov 9).
Calgary man shows medical record as proof of election night
assault. Metro. Retrieved from: http://www.metronews.ca/news/calgary/2016/11/09/calgarian-in-santa-monica-assaulted-on-us-election-night.html
Dickerson, C (2016 Nov 23).
Postelection Harassment, Case by Case.
The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/us/post-trump-how-people-explain-bias-based-attacks.html?mcubz=1
Evon, D (2016 Nov 21).
Neighborhood Town Watch. Snopes.
Retrieved from: http://www.snopes.com/neighborhood-town-watch-threatens-muslim-neighbors/
Garcia, A (2016 Nov 22).
Islamophobia on Aisle Five. Snopes.
Retrieved from: http://www.snopes.com/muslim-woman-told-to-hang-herself-with-hijab-at-walmart/
Garcia, F (2016 Nov 10).
Woman fabricated story of being attacked and robbed of hijab at
Louisiana college by man wearing Donald Trump hat. Independent. Retrieved from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/muslim-woman-robbed-hijab-donald-trump-maga-hat-president-supporter-louisana-a7410301.html
Hawkins, D. & Barbash, F (2016 Nov 10). Louisiana student ‘fabricated’ story of hijab
attack, police say. The Washington Post. Retrieved
from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/11/10/women-in-hijabs-on-2-campuses-say-they-were-attacked-by-men-invoking-donald-trump/?utm_term=.0b201c43d1eb
Hickey, B (2016 Nov 10).
Police: No official report of
ugly racial incident at Delaware gas station.
PhillyVoice. Retrieved from: http://www.phillyvoice.com/police-no-official-report-ugly-racial-incident-del-gas-station/
Khan, S (2016 Nov 20).
A "Neighborhood Town Watch" sent this letter out to a hijabi
Muslim woman in Harrisburg, PA. […] [Facebook post]. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/salic.khan/posts/10112165789202804
LaCapria, K (2016 Nov 11).
Electoral Brawl-itics. Snopes.
Retrieved from: http://www.snopes.com/trump-supporters-beat-gay-man-in-california/
Nolan Brown, E (2016 Nov 11). There Is No Violence Hate-Crimewave In
‘Trump’s America.’ Reason. Retrieved from: http://reason.com/blog/2016/11/11/election-night-hijab-attack-false
Shaw, J (2016 Dec 1).
S. Jersey man arrested in ‘Pro-Trump,’ racist post-election vandalism in
South Philly. Philly.com. Retrieved
from: http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/real-time/S-Jersey-man-arrested-in-post-election-vandalism-in-South-Philly.html
